The Religion of Ashoka: An outstanding unique example of the universal brotherhood in the ancient Indian history

    The religion of Ashoka is an outstanding and unique example of the universal brotherhood in the ancient Indian history. Without religion of Ashoka, the discussion of the ancient Indian history will incomplete. Ashoka is an important part of the ancient Indian history and also in the world history.  Generally, one emperor gives his attention to the politics of his own empire but in the case of Ashoka, he gives his attention to the religious activities and public welfare. Ashoka 'public welfare policy is so relevant to the modern age. Somewhere religion of Ashoka is similar to the public welfare policy. He applied his religious policy to the mass people by some welfare policy. He tried his best to apply the policy of welfare to the mass people. He spread his religious ideas to the over the country. India keeps her contribution to the world history through the ages. The religion of Ashoka is considered a Juel in the world history. On the other hand teaching of Lord Budha massively converted his life. It also converted the state politics of the Muryan empire. 

    Source of history is the most important ingredient in the historical discussion. If the historical source is the short quantity there are so many problems can arise but where the historical source is enough there is a huge possibility of research and analytical discussions. We can know huge information about the Religion of Ashoka from Buddhist religious text or manuscript. Though for the Religion of Ashoka we have found various other sources. So many inscriptions, rock edicts, pillar inscription we have found all over India and through this inscriptions, we can know various aspects of Ashoka's religion. Ashoka established so many rock edicts, pillar inscriptions for wide publicity of his religious idle. We can gather huge information from those and analyse those we can reach to the perfect intrinsic theory. Ashoka had built so many stupas a vihars all over India. We can know more information about the religion of Ashoka those stupas and vihars. But how many similarities between Buddhist religion and religion of Ashoka have it is so arguably among historians. Though Ashoka established his trusts on the Buddhist religion. From minor rock edict, we can know about this.

    Ashoka became the emperor of the Mauryan empire after his father Bindusara. While sitting on the throne he concentrated on the expanding of the empire. He attacks the Kalinga state. And he won the Kalinga state. This war was a remarkable incident in Muryan dynasty and Ashoka's life also. Ashoka's mind was massively changed by the huge loss of life in the Kalinga war. The effect of the Kalinga war gives a deep impression on the mind of Ashoka. He takes initiation of Buddha by the monk Upagupta. It is a myth that Ashoka had to kill his ninety-nine brothers. So his name became Chandashoka. But after the initiation of Lord Buddha, he became 'Dharmashoka'. But there is no historical evidence of the killing of his ninety-nine brothers. Historian says that it is just a myth. 

    The religion of Ashoka was based on the public welfare. He wants to serve people as a father. He has mentioned himself in his rock edicts as the father of mass people. There is a huge description of Ashoka's religion in his inscriptions.By that inscription, he declared his, own religious views for mass people. In the third minor rock edict, he shows his faith in the religion of Lord Buddha. But historians are said that there have some differences between the religion of the Lord Buddha and religion of emperor Ashoka. Ashoka took initiation of Lord Buddha as 'Upasaka'. As soon as he followed the principle of Buddhism, he became a major patron of the Buddhist religion. He constructed many stupas and vihars all over the country. He travelled many places which are related to the life of Lord Buddha and he also established stupa there. He also constructed vihars for the monks of Buddhism. He donates many lands also to the monks. By analysing those activities of Ashoka we can realise that Ashoka was fully devoted to the Buddha and Buddhist Shangh. Through this, we can know the great adherence of Ashoka to the Lord Buddha.
   The religion of Ashoka was considered to be moral, social, and civilised.  He gave special importance to citizen awareness. He has made an incarnation of secularism in social relations, with emphasis on humanity. Ashoka said that social relation should be based on human values.  The religion of Ashoka has been applied to maintain social harmony and social solidarity. In the religion, if Ashoka, religious constrictions have not been tolerated in any way.   He said in his inscription that, all religions must be respectful. It can be said that religion if Ashoka was completely free of narrowness.
   

    

    

What is history

   There is no such thing in the world which has no history. No one can deny this matter in any way. Without a specific history, no knowledge can proceed in practice. In order to practical knowledge about any subject, we must first know the history of this matter. If you advance to a centre of a subject without knowing history, then that knowledge practice will not be incomplete only, it will be limited to learning that knowledge.History has left its signature in every world of knowledge. History is being stored in every knowledge of the world every day. History is not just a calendar of politics and politicians' activities. The roots of history are far beyond and deeply rooted. Every human has a personal history, maybe someone remembers it and nobody remembers it. Human beings are standing on the basis of their past or history. That history can not be denied.
    Every person manages the history stored in their brain with its well-trained mindset and gets knowledge. Everyday human experience is stored in his brain as a daily history for the future. The knowledge that a person receives in the history of synthesis and analysis of stored history in his own brain, he uses to spend his future path. Historians bring the history out of many theories thoroughly. From the personal good and bad experiences of everyday people, who will take the path to the next day's path. Normal people often have to play the role of historians. But the question here can arise that why that history is not documented. It is to be said that all the history is documented which will be useful for the later larger social environment. It can be interpreted in such a way that all history that is not widespread and affects the social environment, all these history is gradually erased.
   Which history would be useful for a larger environment and it would be instructive that the historian did the important work. The significance of any historian is that he accomplished the task of selection of events for the coming day.
   However, there has been considerable change in historical thinking. But the news of happiness is that we have freed history from the boundaries of political events. So history is not just the discussion and analysis of state politics. For example, geologists went on discovering the natural history of the world through their research. They are investigating the geological history of the earth. Similarly, the meteorologist recorded the history of the Earth's climate. Astronomers are exploring the history of the universe. One thing is noticeable that all of them are going to write history.History has dominated the world of science equally. The incredible expanse of history has really surprised us.
   Economics Control the life of people, society and the state. The country's politics are often run by the economy. To regulate and improve the economy of a country, it needs to carry out the economic history of the country and to analyze and study.By the observation and analysis of the economic history, the basis of the country's next day's economy is tolerated by the work of a  historian. How to reform the economy on a firm basis in the future and how it needs to change the fundamentals of the economy, the realization of the history of economic history must be realized and must be resolved through research. The countries which are well-organized economically, know that the economics of those countries are sufficiently analyzed and researched so that the economy improves in the future.Through the history of economic history, planned economy is created.
    The country's legal system protects the country and society. But it is necessary to research the history of the law in order to properly legislate. How the law has been enacted in the past and how the law influenced the people and the broader society and played an effective role, through the analysis and observation of the law, we can see. In the case of international law, we see that the history of international relations is thoroughly reviewed and analyzed, then international law is enacted, because much depends on international relations, the reasons for the international law and its utility. When we review the history, we see that the main reason behind the international war and international disenchantment of the past is the uncontrolled application of international law and this international law is responsible for international unity and sovereignty.So, we can say that the role of history is huge.
    On the other hand, in the case of state politics, we can see that the whole issue is dependent on history. By observing and analyzing the political history, we can easily guess the current state of politics and its nature. By analyzing political history, we can evaluate causality due to the politics of past era and analyze it through its analysis and study and observe the trend of politics in the present age.In order to solve a political problem, it is first to find that such a problem arose in politics and if it has emerged, then how it was resolved.Therefore, ignoring the political history, it can now be said that it is almost impossible to govern politics properly.
    We have reviewed cultural history for the better culture. Classical era culture analysis and research give rise to modern culture. And the future of a new culture is taken into account by the history of how culture affects the society. On the other hand, by analyzing the cultural history, it is also seen how a repressive culture is responsible for the downfall of society.So history teaches us a lot.
    The military history is currently very popular in the study of history. Through the interpretation and analysis of military history, we can understand the consequences of war and the effects of war on people and the country. We have analyzed military history to learn military techniques and to improve the military technology
    Writing religious history in the history of the world is a very important issue. Religion is involved in human life extensively. Religions or religious beliefs involve common people's feelings and through this thought, they are directed towards daily life and social life. It is seen in many times that politics is being influenced by religion. On the other hand, culture is associated with religion. Human culture or social culture can be realized by analyzing and reviewing religious history or religious literature. It can be said that the religious activities represent the public society and the economy of the country. So through the study of religious history, we have a detailed description of the social life. If we review the history of religion, we can analyze the belief of common people and how common people have changed their mind over the ages and why this change has happened.On the other hand, we can analyze the religious history by analyzing the conflict between science and religion. So, for many decades religious history is a very important branch of history.
    Let's talk about the history of philosophy. Philosophy is not just a matter of philosophers. The common people have a philosophy of their own. The philosophy of common people has become a social philosophy, combining them together. And a common man can influence his fundamental philosophical thinking entire society and country, and he became a philosopher in time.Philosophical history is not just a theory of philosophy. There are many elements which are responsible for the development of philosophical theories. These elements influence the mind of the philosophers. Through the history of philosophy, we can identify these elements. We realize that what is the element responsible for the emergence of a philosophical theory. So through the history of philosophy, we can attain the basic formula of philosophical theory.
    History of education is a very important topic.How the education system has changed, and with that change, the analysis of how different elements of the education system have changed, one of the key features of the history of education. In order to improve the education system, we have to look back. After reviewing the history of the education system, we see how human civilization has become gradually educated, and from the primitive era to the present era, how human education has passed the human race, human society educates itself through time.If we review the history of the education system, we will be able to understand both the limitations and excellence of educational system in the past.So now we have to carefully review and synthesize how our education system was introduced and how the education system has evolved and how it has become the current form. So to develop the present education system nicely, we need to analyze the history of our education system and know.
    Food is a part of human life, so the history of eating habits is the history of human life. Reviewing the history of the food of a country can be understood in the country's economic situation and the economic impact of the people in the country. Through the history of food, we can learn the history of food processing and learn about how advanced the process of food processing was at any time.The history of farming is somewhat related to food history. Although the history of farming is another subject. We can know about the nutritional needs of the people of different historical periods through the history of food. On the other hand, through food history, we can see how the personal taste of human beings changed from day to day.
    Medical history is a very interesting topic. Through the history of medical history, we know about the history of public health of different ages. Government policies have a great influence on public health. We can clearly understand the government's attitude towards the people when we examine the government's policies adopted in public health. Besides, through the history of the medical system, we can know the history of various medical techniques and chemical ingredients. By analyzing the history of how medicines are made through chemical or natural ingredients, we get a detailed description of the medical history.Therefore, it is necessary to review the medical history in order to improve the medical system.
    Through this detailed discussion, we have seen there is no such thing that history has not kept its signature, in every case of knowledge, history has left its witness.There are also many other subjects in which history has spread its own. So history cannot be called a combination of political activities only. So today we can say for sure that the spread of history is widespread. History is the organs of everyday life, which I can not ignore in any way. Forgetting history means forgetting the existence. The progress of human civilization will be achieved through the history of civilization. It is necessary to read history for the progress of human civilization. 

RENAISSANCE OF BENGAL IN THE 19TH CENTURY : A DEBATE

  In the 19th century, the variation of the Renaissance of Bengal has led to the convergence of multicultural analysis among historians. Whether there is any truth in a particular historical event, the versatile nature of its observations unfolds different aspects of its character.The historic era of Bengal initiated a complex whirl of controversy over the authenticity of the Renaissance or the emergence of the Renaissance. Because different interpretations of different types of questions have arisen, and are being explored in a new way to solve these questions. Famous historian E. H. Carr says that where the disputes arise among experts, the new horizons of discoveries are opened.  Therefore, this historic time must be seen in a neutral point of view so that a clear idea can reach a fundamental truth.
    Historian Jacob Burkhart says that Renaissance is the equivalent of modernity. Overall, Renaissance is a modification of the age of classical era. Among the historians, there is considerable disagreement about the nature of Renaissance.
    It is so confused about the advent and completion of the Italian Renaissance. Where the importance of the Renaissance as a reason for the European era began, there was considerable disagreement among the historians.There is considerable confusion about the basicity of the Renaissance feature. According to many historians, the Renaissance is the resurrection of classical culture. On the other hand, many historians have said that the Renaissance is a medieval culture achieving modernization. So, the role of Renaissance as the first step of modernization in world history is enough. But the concept of Humanism was later reconciled with the concept of Renaissance. The concept of Humanism came as a result of an evaluation of classical literature. This resulted in the emergence of new life philosophy. Humanistic scholars churned classical literature and created unified life philosophy, excluding religious teachings.
   The emergence of Renaissance in Europe at the moment of the end of medieval feudalism and the development of a city-centric bourgeois economy.According to historians, this theory is Marxist. According to these historians, there is a need to check the authenticity of this Marxist theory. However, the development of European Renaissance has been seen overall in the Italian Society of Culture. The ultimate release of the Renaissance is seen by the artists. It can be said that the Renaissance reached the peak in the art world. In the nineteenth century, there was considerable opposition in the historical field about the nature of the renaissance in Bengal. But it is true that at this time there were some particular intellectual incidents in Bengal. It is undeniable that Renaissance in Bengal has been polarized in the historians. Some historians believe that Renaissance actually happened in Bengal in the nineteenth century.
    On the other hand, some historians say that the Renaissance of Bengal is nothing but a myth. Historical views of the two parties have been reviewed by the fact that every historian has judged the Renaissance of Bengal on its own criteria, resulting in confusion. Since the word Renaissance is a European concept, then in order to apply this concept in Bengal,  we must speak in conformity with the Italian Renaissance.Although the difference between time and perspective in these two renaissances is enough. Because of the period of European Renaissance, we have been able to determine from the fourteenth century to the sixteenth centuries. On the other hand, the period of Bengali Renaissance was very later, in the nineteenth century.Similarly, the main centre of the Indian Renaissance was Bengal and its centralization took place in the city of Kolkata.
  In the nineteenth century, how the Renaissance of Bengal was able to influence the then society, we can see later, through the emergence of nationalism.We can consider this nationalism as the best contribution of Renaissance. But apparently, no social and political radical change can be seen as the result of European Renaissance. One of the reasons for this is that most of the Italian Renaissance have appeared and influenced by the artists. But Renaissance roamed in Bengal for contemporary literature. This literature influenced the social minds of that time. The benefits of the renaissance of thoughts of Bengal as well as the one's tune was found later, during the nationalist movement.
   On the other hand, there has been considerable debate about the centre or origin of Renaissance in Bengal, among historians.The European Renaissance was centred around Italy and its main centre was Florence. Similarly, the main centre of the Indian Renaissance was Bengal and its centralization took place in the city of Calcutta. It can be said that in the nineteenth century Calcutta had a special role in the centre of higher intellectual thoughts. But it can not be said that Calcutta easily became the controller of the Renaissance. Renaissance spread out in many places outside of Calcutta. During this time, Renaissance activity was observed in Murshidabad. The role of the elite class of Calcutta, which is quite significant in Renaissance in Bengal. But it would be wrong to say that there is only the role of the elite class of Calcutta because many elite classes have brought an active role outside of Calcutta. The importance of the elite class as a fundamental basis for the Renaissance is undeniable. In the era of the colonial economy, without the support of the nobility, the conservative form of the Renaissance was not possible.But in this context, it can not be said that due to the direct role of the common people, there was no Renaissance in Bengal in the nineteenth century.It may be said that the direct role of the people of the European Renaissance was very low.  Humanitarian scientific thinking like Europe was born in 19th century  Bengal too.
   Instead of a religious supernatural explanation, the world of scientific real and human-centred thought emerged. Curiosity search is a key feature of Renaissance with a scientific approach to all matters. In India, medieval dark prejudice and obstruction made  India's life bound. The social life became sluggish in this situation. It was not possible to overcome this wall by any single effort. Together with the presence of many outstanding talents could illuminate this dark life could be said to be possible in the nineteenth century Bengal.
     There was a deep relation of the nineteenth century Renaissance with the Hindu Revolutionary Pledge Movement. Many greats, at that time, tried to remove the ruthlessness of the Hindu religion. This gives us new explanations of Vedas philosophy of ancient classical era. Italian Renaissance was the classical Greek and Roman life-oriented philosophical revival. In the nineteenth century, Raja Rammohon  Roy, Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda started the interpretation of ancient books such as Veda- Upanishad, to free Hindu religion from prejudice to Hinduism.Rishi Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay reorganized and analyzed the mythological character. He analyzed the different characters of Mahabharata and explained it. In the nineteenth century, the advent of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Dev was a huge change in the religious world.There is a special reason to discuss the contribution of Sri Ramakrishnadev in the discussion of Renaissance. When Bengal came in the time when the religious prejudice was upsetting the lives of ordinary people in the Bengal. Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsadeva reveals a humanistic dogma by pushing all religious superstitions and darkness away so that ordinary people can develop their personality and go on the path of absolute religion. This religious humanist philosophy has attracted the common people and people of the elite community. And later, Swami Vivekananda, a great disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Dev, spread the message of humanistic philosophy to the whole world. And this religious belief attracted people from both native and foreign countries. Swami Vivekananda philosophically explains the complex philosophical theories such as Vedanta philosophy, Patanjali philosophy or Advaita philosophy which Swami Vivekananda had explained in detail. It can be said that he played an appropriate role in the Renaissance of Bengal.
     At this time, Western culture began to be widely circulated in India. Along with Western culture, the bourgeoisie economy has entered into India this time. This bourgeois economy influenced the socio-culture of India and emerged as a special regulator for Renaissance.However, there is considerable debate among historians about the role of the bourgeois economy as the regulator of Renaissance. The scholars, who are quite disagreements with the Renaissance man, have a big role or an important role in the economy for the advent of Renaissance. It can not be said with a force that the bourgeois economy helped in the development of the Renaissance. It may be said, however, that when the development of the bourgeois economy started in Bengal, then did some people or some great persons, emerge, who had their direct influence on Bengal Renaissance. But it is a matter of great disagreement that the bourgeois economy was responsible for the development of the talent of these successful people. But it can be said that city culture is essential for the advent of Renaissance and patronage of the business class is very important for this.
   In the nineteenth century, Western education was introduced in the Bengal.  Some historians believe that Western English education is particularly responsible for the Renaissance in Bengal. But there is considerable debate among historians. According to many historians, oriental studies and oriental reforms are responsible for Renaissance. But it is undeniable that the Renaissance figures were educated in Western education. These Renaissance personalities were educated in western education and started a new analysis of Orientalism.According to many, these Renaissance figures analyzed Orientalism with Western knowledge. That is these historians, who want to see Western knowledge as the role of the driver of the Renaissance in Bengal. Due to these different theories, there have been serious debates about the renaissance of Bengal.
   A fundamental feature of the Renaissance is the transition from medieval perspective to modernism. Historical observations show that Renaissance was a period of time between Bengali medieval and modern times.In the second half of the nineteenth century, historians have identified the early period of modernity in the Bengal. Many times, Western culture is involved with modernity. But there is considerable disagreement with this theory.
   But it is undeniable that the Bengal Renaissance enlightened people. In reality, people were illuminated by that light and illuminated the darkness in the light of truth. In the nineteenth century, the historical significance of the restrictions of Bengal Renaissance can be given with due importance and it is said that in this century the renaissance of Bengal is given by us as the reason that we can call the Bengali classical era. Therefore, this renaissance of Bengal demands sufficient references in the history of Bengal.
   However, in the nineteenth century, the Renaissance took place in Bengal, but it has been associated with positive negative or moderate theories of its cause or advent. We could say that this Renaissance was bound among some elite human beings of India and it was said that the public was far away from the light of this Renaissance. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that the modernity of modern India, or Bengal, came in the nineteenth century Renaissance.